The History of Articulators: A Critical History of Articulators Based on Geometric Theories of Mandibular Movement, Part II

Rupert Hall’s Conical Theory
Edgar N. Starcke, DDS

IN PART I of this series on “geometric” theories of mandibular movement,1 it was suggested that William Bonwill and Francis Balkwill were the first investigators to apply geometric principles to mandibular movement and occlusion. Although their historic work was in the 1850s and 1860s, it was not until much later, in the first decade of the 20th century, that Carl Christensen and George Monson independently described their applications of the “spherical” theory of mandibular movement and articulator design. While the dental profession had taken little notice of these events, nevertheless, Monson’s work was to have considerable influence on the profession’s understanding of mandibular movement and on the development of articulator design.

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